Diem Le
Tittle: The fish of the forest
A:
-During this time we have walked hundreds of kilometers along salmon streams, examined tens of thousands of salmon carcasses, and had too many close encounters with agitated bears.
-Bears actually fertilize the forests, nourishing them by discarding partially eaten salmon carcasses, the end resort in that these large predators bring valuable marine-derived nutrients, in the form of salmon tissue, to the stream side woodlands, where the uneaten fish provide substance for an array of animals and plants.
-After living at sea between 1 and 4 years, they return to their natal streams to spawn and die.
-The young salmon are quite small when they leave freshwater, weighting from less than 1 gram to about 20 grams, and they are quite big when they return, ranging from 2 to 10 kilograms or more.
Most juvaniles die at sea, the return migration and death of adult salmon produce a large net flow of nutrients and energy from the ocean to stream and lake ecosystems.
-Salmon are a crucial resource for the bears because the survival and reproductive success of these large mammals depend on the amount of fat they can deposit in the late summer and fall.
-Once bears enter their dans in the early winter, they neither eat nor drink for up to 7 months. Bears are not true hibernators their body temperature stays above ambient levels so they must produce body heat to maintain metabolic functions throughout the cold months.
-Females give birth and lactate during that time.
-The bears' survival and reproductive success are closely tied to their physical condition in the autumn, natural selection favors those that get the most nourishment out of the fish they eat.
-Bears are relatively solitary for most of their adult lives, save for a few weeks of courtship in spring and summer.
-When they aggregate in riparian areas to feed on salmon, they become aggressive.
-More than 20,000 carcasses revealed that bears consumed about 25% of each captured salmon, selectively eating only the parts highest in fat content, like the eggs.
-The bears often eat only the most nourishing part of the salmon.
-By killing many of the fatter salmon, carrying the nutrient-loaded fish to the forest, and abandoning the carcass with most of the biomass remaining, bears make a tremendous amount of food and nutrients available to stream side plants and animals that would not otherwise have access to this resource.
-The spread occurs because many different animals make use of the protein and fat in the abandoned fish. Flies, beetles, slugs and other invertebrates conize the carcasses almost immediately and deposit their eggs there.
-The insects that colonize carcasses are devoured in turn by wasps, birds and other insectivores, including small mammals such as voles and mice, that eat not only the insects but the carcasses themselves.
-Plant growth in northern forests is often limited by either nitrogen or phosphorus, and thus the bears' foraging activities may influence growth rates of many plant species in these areas.
-Researchers correlated the amount of salmon-derived nitrogen or carbon directly with the movements of bears, providing further evidence that their foraging behavior is the mechanism that delivers the salmon nutrients to riparian plants.
-They also move in the opposite direction: nutrients, in the form of migrating salmon, travel from the ocean to freshwater and then, carried by goragin bears, to land.
-In areas where salmon runs are seriously or wiped out, state agencies are now transporting salmon carcasses-dropping them from helicopters or dispersing them from trucks to riparian systems as a restoration effort intended to mimic natural processes until salmon runs return to their historical levels.
B:
The hungry bears have long attracted attention, particularly from fishery managers, who in the late 1940 s proposed their broad scale culling in Alaska to reduce the "economic damage" the predators might be wreaking on salmon populations.Several sensationalized reports implied that Alaska might fall into "financial and social collapse" unless the bear populations were controlled. Bears are not true hibernators their body temperature stays above ambient levels so they must produce body heat to maintain metabolic functions throughout the cold months. Females give birth and lactate during that time.The bears' survival and reproductive success are closely tied to their physical condition in the autumn, natural selection favors those that get the most nourishment out of the fish they eat.Bears are relatively solitary for most of their adult lives, save for a few weeks of courtship in spring and summer.When they aggregate in riparian areas to feed on salmon, they become aggressive.More than 20,000 carcasses revealed that bears consumed about 25% of each captured salmon, selectively eating only the parts highest in fat content, like the eggs.After consuming choice morsels, bear abandon the carcass and return to the stream to spear another fish.The bears often eat only the most nourishing part of the salmon.In the absence of bears the salmon would still die following spawning, and their carcasses would be scavenged by birds, fishes and insects in the streams, decomposed by microbes and flushed out to the ocean. They also move in the opposite direction: nutrients, in the form of migrating salmon, travel from the ocean to freshwater and then, carried by goragin bears, to land.
C:
The insects that colonize carcasses are devoured in turn by wasps, birds and other insectivores, including small mammals such as voles and mice, that eat not only the insects but the carcasses themselves.Plant growth in northern forests is often limited by either nitrogen or phosphorus, and thus the bears' foraging activities may influence growth rates of many plant species in these areas.Researchers correlated the amount of salmon-derived nitrogen or carbon directly with the movements of bears, providing further evidence that their foraging behavior is the mechanism that delivers the salmon nutrients to riparian plants.
So What?
The flow of nutrients from ocean to streams to woodlands in an unexpected, even unprecedented, uphill direction for resources to travel.After living at sea between 1 and 4 years, they return to their natal streams to spawn and die.The young salmon are quite small when they leave freshwater, weighting from less than 1 gram to about 20 grams, and they are quite big when they return, ranging from 2 to 10 kilograms or more.Most juvaniles die at sea, the return migration and death of adult salmon produce a large net flow of nutrients and energy from the ocean to stream and lake ecosystems.This influx of energy from the ocean can have an extraordinary effect on freshwater systems because the nutrient composition of the fish and their densities are to great.
Says Who?
During this time we have walked hundreds of kilometers along salmon streams, examined tens of thousands of salmon carcasses, and had too many close encounters with agitated bears.Bears actually fertilize the forests, nourishing them by discarding partially eaten salmon carcasses, the end resort in that these large predators bring valuable marine-derived nutrients, in the form of salmon tissue, to the stream side woodlands, where the uneaten fish provide substance for an array of animals and plants.Salmon are a crucial resource for the bears because the survival and reproductive success of these large mammals depend on the amount of fat they can deposit in the late summer and fall.Once bears enter their dans in the early winter, they neither eat nor drink for up to 7 months.
What Id...?
What if we killing the fatter salmon it is effect us, what it carrying? By killing many of the fatter salmon, carrying the nutrient-loaded fish to the forest, and abandoning the carcass with most of the biomass remaining, bears make a tremendous amount of food and nutrients available to stream side plants and animals that would not otherwise have access to this resource.The spread occurs because many different animals make use of the protein and fat in the abandoned fish. Flies, beetles, slugs and other invertebrates conize the carcasses almost immediately and deposit their eggs there.
What is this remind me of?
It remind me the time I was still at sixth grade, in my whole class was going to the forest as camp we stay there like two week. By the time I live stay there, I saw a lot of animals, I also saw a bear too they ask me alot of things about bears, don't I don't know the answer. Now is my changes to learn more about it. In areas where salmon runs are seriously or wiped out, state agencies are now transporting salmon carcasses-dropping them from helicopters or dispersing them from trucks to riparian systems as a restoration effort intended to mimic natural processes until salmon runs return to their historical levels.
Tittle: The fish of the forest
A:
-During this time we have walked hundreds of kilometers along salmon streams, examined tens of thousands of salmon carcasses, and had too many close encounters with agitated bears.
-Bears actually fertilize the forests, nourishing them by discarding partially eaten salmon carcasses, the end resort in that these large predators bring valuable marine-derived nutrients, in the form of salmon tissue, to the stream side woodlands, where the uneaten fish provide substance for an array of animals and plants.
-After living at sea between 1 and 4 years, they return to their natal streams to spawn and die.
-The young salmon are quite small when they leave freshwater, weighting from less than 1 gram to about 20 grams, and they are quite big when they return, ranging from 2 to 10 kilograms or more.
Most juvaniles die at sea, the return migration and death of adult salmon produce a large net flow of nutrients and energy from the ocean to stream and lake ecosystems.
-Salmon are a crucial resource for the bears because the survival and reproductive success of these large mammals depend on the amount of fat they can deposit in the late summer and fall.
-Once bears enter their dans in the early winter, they neither eat nor drink for up to 7 months. Bears are not true hibernators their body temperature stays above ambient levels so they must produce body heat to maintain metabolic functions throughout the cold months.
-Females give birth and lactate during that time.
-The bears' survival and reproductive success are closely tied to their physical condition in the autumn, natural selection favors those that get the most nourishment out of the fish they eat.
-Bears are relatively solitary for most of their adult lives, save for a few weeks of courtship in spring and summer.
-When they aggregate in riparian areas to feed on salmon, they become aggressive.
-More than 20,000 carcasses revealed that bears consumed about 25% of each captured salmon, selectively eating only the parts highest in fat content, like the eggs.
-The bears often eat only the most nourishing part of the salmon.
-By killing many of the fatter salmon, carrying the nutrient-loaded fish to the forest, and abandoning the carcass with most of the biomass remaining, bears make a tremendous amount of food and nutrients available to stream side plants and animals that would not otherwise have access to this resource.
-The spread occurs because many different animals make use of the protein and fat in the abandoned fish. Flies, beetles, slugs and other invertebrates conize the carcasses almost immediately and deposit their eggs there.
-The insects that colonize carcasses are devoured in turn by wasps, birds and other insectivores, including small mammals such as voles and mice, that eat not only the insects but the carcasses themselves.
-Plant growth in northern forests is often limited by either nitrogen or phosphorus, and thus the bears' foraging activities may influence growth rates of many plant species in these areas.
-Researchers correlated the amount of salmon-derived nitrogen or carbon directly with the movements of bears, providing further evidence that their foraging behavior is the mechanism that delivers the salmon nutrients to riparian plants.
-They also move in the opposite direction: nutrients, in the form of migrating salmon, travel from the ocean to freshwater and then, carried by goragin bears, to land.
-In areas where salmon runs are seriously or wiped out, state agencies are now transporting salmon carcasses-dropping them from helicopters or dispersing them from trucks to riparian systems as a restoration effort intended to mimic natural processes until salmon runs return to their historical levels.
B:
The hungry bears have long attracted attention, particularly from fishery managers, who in the late 1940 s proposed their broad scale culling in Alaska to reduce the "economic damage" the predators might be wreaking on salmon populations.Several sensationalized reports implied that Alaska might fall into "financial and social collapse" unless the bear populations were controlled. Bears are not true hibernators their body temperature stays above ambient levels so they must produce body heat to maintain metabolic functions throughout the cold months. Females give birth and lactate during that time.The bears' survival and reproductive success are closely tied to their physical condition in the autumn, natural selection favors those that get the most nourishment out of the fish they eat.Bears are relatively solitary for most of their adult lives, save for a few weeks of courtship in spring and summer.When they aggregate in riparian areas to feed on salmon, they become aggressive.More than 20,000 carcasses revealed that bears consumed about 25% of each captured salmon, selectively eating only the parts highest in fat content, like the eggs.After consuming choice morsels, bear abandon the carcass and return to the stream to spear another fish.The bears often eat only the most nourishing part of the salmon.In the absence of bears the salmon would still die following spawning, and their carcasses would be scavenged by birds, fishes and insects in the streams, decomposed by microbes and flushed out to the ocean. They also move in the opposite direction: nutrients, in the form of migrating salmon, travel from the ocean to freshwater and then, carried by goragin bears, to land.
C:
The insects that colonize carcasses are devoured in turn by wasps, birds and other insectivores, including small mammals such as voles and mice, that eat not only the insects but the carcasses themselves.Plant growth in northern forests is often limited by either nitrogen or phosphorus, and thus the bears' foraging activities may influence growth rates of many plant species in these areas.Researchers correlated the amount of salmon-derived nitrogen or carbon directly with the movements of bears, providing further evidence that their foraging behavior is the mechanism that delivers the salmon nutrients to riparian plants.
So What?
The flow of nutrients from ocean to streams to woodlands in an unexpected, even unprecedented, uphill direction for resources to travel.After living at sea between 1 and 4 years, they return to their natal streams to spawn and die.The young salmon are quite small when they leave freshwater, weighting from less than 1 gram to about 20 grams, and they are quite big when they return, ranging from 2 to 10 kilograms or more.Most juvaniles die at sea, the return migration and death of adult salmon produce a large net flow of nutrients and energy from the ocean to stream and lake ecosystems.This influx of energy from the ocean can have an extraordinary effect on freshwater systems because the nutrient composition of the fish and their densities are to great.
Says Who?
During this time we have walked hundreds of kilometers along salmon streams, examined tens of thousands of salmon carcasses, and had too many close encounters with agitated bears.Bears actually fertilize the forests, nourishing them by discarding partially eaten salmon carcasses, the end resort in that these large predators bring valuable marine-derived nutrients, in the form of salmon tissue, to the stream side woodlands, where the uneaten fish provide substance for an array of animals and plants.Salmon are a crucial resource for the bears because the survival and reproductive success of these large mammals depend on the amount of fat they can deposit in the late summer and fall.Once bears enter their dans in the early winter, they neither eat nor drink for up to 7 months.
What Id...?
What if we killing the fatter salmon it is effect us, what it carrying? By killing many of the fatter salmon, carrying the nutrient-loaded fish to the forest, and abandoning the carcass with most of the biomass remaining, bears make a tremendous amount of food and nutrients available to stream side plants and animals that would not otherwise have access to this resource.The spread occurs because many different animals make use of the protein and fat in the abandoned fish. Flies, beetles, slugs and other invertebrates conize the carcasses almost immediately and deposit their eggs there.
What is this remind me of?
It remind me the time I was still at sixth grade, in my whole class was going to the forest as camp we stay there like two week. By the time I live stay there, I saw a lot of animals, I also saw a bear too they ask me alot of things about bears, don't I don't know the answer. Now is my changes to learn more about it. In areas where salmon runs are seriously or wiped out, state agencies are now transporting salmon carcasses-dropping them from helicopters or dispersing them from trucks to riparian systems as a restoration effort intended to mimic natural processes until salmon runs return to their historical levels.