Name: Diem Le
1: What makes the Zebra Mussel an invasive species?
Within 2 years, the zebra mussels invaded all 5 Great Lakes
2: Define the following species interactions:
* Competition: both species are harmed
* Predation, Parasitism, and Herbivory: one species benefits and the other is harmed
* Mutualism: both species benefit
3: What are some of the resources that species compete for in competition?
The resources that species compete for in competition is food, water, space, shelter, mates, and sunlight.
4: Define Competitive Exclusion: one species completely excludes another species from using the resource.
5: What must happen for species to co-exist?
The things must happen for species to co-exist neither species fully excludes the other from resources, so both live side by side.
6: What is the difference between fundamental and realized niche? Explain why a species
wouldn’t fulfill its fundamental niche?
Fundamental niche is when an individual fulfills its entire role by using all the available resources. The realized niche is the portion of the fundamental niche that is actually filled. A species wouldn’t fulfill its fundamental niche because for the fundamental species 1 fulfills all its roles or uses all the resources it can. On the other side Realized species 1 is limited in its roles or user only a subset of resources.
7: Give an example of resource partitioning:
One species is active at night, another in the daytime.
8: How does character displacement help with competition?
Competing species evolve physical characteristics that reflect their reliance on the portion of the resource they use. For example, birds that eat larger seeds evolve larger bills.
9: Explain how predator and prey populations depend on each other:
Process by which individuals of one species (predators) capture, kill, and consume individuals of another species (prey).
10: How does Natural Selection strengthen population “fitness”?
Natural selection leads to evolution of adaptations that make predators better hunters. Individuals who are better at catching prey are live longer, healthier lives and take better care of offspring.
11: Define the following:
* Cryptic Coloration: coloring that conceals or disguises an animal's shape.
* Warning Coloration: conspicuous coloring that warns a predator that an animal is unpalatable or poisonous.
* Mimicry: the action or art of imitating someone or something, typically in order to entertain or ridicule.
12: Define Parasitism: a relationship in which one organism (parasite) depends on another (host) for nourishment or other benefit.
13: What is the idea of “coevolution”?
The idea of coevolution is has called an evolutionary arms race. Each evolves new responses to the other. It may not be beneficial to the parasite to kill its host.
14: What are some plant adaptations that help to protect plants against herbivory?
Some plant adaptation that help to protect plants against herbivory is that chemicals and physical adaption they are both helping the plant defend to against herbivores.
15: Explain how pollination is a form of mutualism:
The pollination is a form of mutualism is that the flowers was get pollinated and the animals doing the pollination get fertilization for their eggs.
16: Define the following:
* Allelopathy: certain plants release harmful chemicals
* Commensalism: a relationship in which one organism benefits, while the other remains unaffected.
* Facilitation:plants that create shade and leaf litter allow seedlings to grow.
17: What is a community of organisms?
A community of organisms is made up of populations of different species that interact with each other in some way.
18: Draw a trophic level pyramid with the following terms/definitions (examples) below:
"Graph is at The Every Bottom"
Autotrophs: organisms that capture solar energy for photosynthesis to produce sugars, such as green plants cyanobacteria and algae.
Primary Consumers: an animal that eats autotrophs.
Secondary Consumers: animals that eat primary consumers.
Tertiary Consumers: an animal that eats only other carnivores.
Omnivores: animal that eats either other animals or plants.
Detritivores: organisms that survive by consuming decaying organic material.
Decomposers: organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms, and in doing so carry out the natural process of decomposition.
19: How is most energy lost in an ecosystem?
Most energy lost in an ecosystem is that they have pass through as waste heat through respiration.
20: Explain why this statement is true: “ A human vegetarian’s ecological footprint is smaller than a meat-eater’s footprint.”
The reason why "A human vegetarian's ecological footprint is smaller than a meat-eater's footprint" is true because meat-eaters get less energy due to 10% law.
21: What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
The difference between a food chain and a food web are a series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy.
22: What is a keystone species and what happens to an ecosystem when it gets removed?
A keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance. The thing that happens to an ecosystem when it gets removed is that the food chain can get altered as a result of the absence of a keystone specie.
23: What is a trophic cascade? Why is it important?
Trophic cascade is the decrease of a predator's direct prey, thus increasing the number of the next trophic level or herbivory.
24: Communities of organisms respond to disturbances differently. Explain resistance and
resilience.
Communities of organisms respond to disturbances differently is resistance is when a community of organisms resist change and remains stable during the disturbance. And for the resilience is when a community reacts to the disturbances by change, but that community later returns to its original state.
25: What is an invasive species? How do we control a species that has become invasive? (Name
several ways)
26: What is happening with ecological restoration in the Florida Everglades?
The things that happening with ecological restoration in the Florida Everglades is that the depletion is being caused by flood control practices, and irrigation.
27: Biomes: Name the type of SOILS in the following:
* Temperate deciduous forests: Fertile soil
* Temperate rainforests: landslides
* Tropical rainforests: poor acidic soil
* Tropical dry forest: erosion prone soil
* Desert: Saline soil
* Tundra: Permafrost
* Boreal forest (Taiga): acidic soil
28: How do biomes change with altitude? Explain.
The biomes change with altitude is the higher up the biome, and the lower the temperature. Which that mean is that based on the altitude of the biome, and so the animals and plant that leases at each are different.
1: What makes the Zebra Mussel an invasive species?
Within 2 years, the zebra mussels invaded all 5 Great Lakes
2: Define the following species interactions:
* Competition: both species are harmed
* Predation, Parasitism, and Herbivory: one species benefits and the other is harmed
* Mutualism: both species benefit
3: What are some of the resources that species compete for in competition?
The resources that species compete for in competition is food, water, space, shelter, mates, and sunlight.
4: Define Competitive Exclusion: one species completely excludes another species from using the resource.
5: What must happen for species to co-exist?
The things must happen for species to co-exist neither species fully excludes the other from resources, so both live side by side.
6: What is the difference between fundamental and realized niche? Explain why a species
wouldn’t fulfill its fundamental niche?
Fundamental niche is when an individual fulfills its entire role by using all the available resources. The realized niche is the portion of the fundamental niche that is actually filled. A species wouldn’t fulfill its fundamental niche because for the fundamental species 1 fulfills all its roles or uses all the resources it can. On the other side Realized species 1 is limited in its roles or user only a subset of resources.
7: Give an example of resource partitioning:
One species is active at night, another in the daytime.
8: How does character displacement help with competition?
Competing species evolve physical characteristics that reflect their reliance on the portion of the resource they use. For example, birds that eat larger seeds evolve larger bills.
9: Explain how predator and prey populations depend on each other:
Process by which individuals of one species (predators) capture, kill, and consume individuals of another species (prey).
10: How does Natural Selection strengthen population “fitness”?
Natural selection leads to evolution of adaptations that make predators better hunters. Individuals who are better at catching prey are live longer, healthier lives and take better care of offspring.
11: Define the following:
* Cryptic Coloration: coloring that conceals or disguises an animal's shape.
* Warning Coloration: conspicuous coloring that warns a predator that an animal is unpalatable or poisonous.
* Mimicry: the action or art of imitating someone or something, typically in order to entertain or ridicule.
12: Define Parasitism: a relationship in which one organism (parasite) depends on another (host) for nourishment or other benefit.
13: What is the idea of “coevolution”?
The idea of coevolution is has called an evolutionary arms race. Each evolves new responses to the other. It may not be beneficial to the parasite to kill its host.
14: What are some plant adaptations that help to protect plants against herbivory?
Some plant adaptation that help to protect plants against herbivory is that chemicals and physical adaption they are both helping the plant defend to against herbivores.
15: Explain how pollination is a form of mutualism:
The pollination is a form of mutualism is that the flowers was get pollinated and the animals doing the pollination get fertilization for their eggs.
16: Define the following:
* Allelopathy: certain plants release harmful chemicals
* Commensalism: a relationship in which one organism benefits, while the other remains unaffected.
* Facilitation:plants that create shade and leaf litter allow seedlings to grow.
17: What is a community of organisms?
A community of organisms is made up of populations of different species that interact with each other in some way.
18: Draw a trophic level pyramid with the following terms/definitions (examples) below:
"Graph is at The Every Bottom"
Autotrophs: organisms that capture solar energy for photosynthesis to produce sugars, such as green plants cyanobacteria and algae.
Primary Consumers: an animal that eats autotrophs.
Secondary Consumers: animals that eat primary consumers.
Tertiary Consumers: an animal that eats only other carnivores.
Omnivores: animal that eats either other animals or plants.
Detritivores: organisms that survive by consuming decaying organic material.
Decomposers: organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms, and in doing so carry out the natural process of decomposition.
19: How is most energy lost in an ecosystem?
Most energy lost in an ecosystem is that they have pass through as waste heat through respiration.
20: Explain why this statement is true: “ A human vegetarian’s ecological footprint is smaller than a meat-eater’s footprint.”
The reason why "A human vegetarian's ecological footprint is smaller than a meat-eater's footprint" is true because meat-eaters get less energy due to 10% law.
21: What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
The difference between a food chain and a food web are a series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy.
22: What is a keystone species and what happens to an ecosystem when it gets removed?
A keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance. The thing that happens to an ecosystem when it gets removed is that the food chain can get altered as a result of the absence of a keystone specie.
23: What is a trophic cascade? Why is it important?
Trophic cascade is the decrease of a predator's direct prey, thus increasing the number of the next trophic level or herbivory.
24: Communities of organisms respond to disturbances differently. Explain resistance and
resilience.
Communities of organisms respond to disturbances differently is resistance is when a community of organisms resist change and remains stable during the disturbance. And for the resilience is when a community reacts to the disturbances by change, but that community later returns to its original state.
25: What is an invasive species? How do we control a species that has become invasive? (Name
several ways)
26: What is happening with ecological restoration in the Florida Everglades?
The things that happening with ecological restoration in the Florida Everglades is that the depletion is being caused by flood control practices, and irrigation.
27: Biomes: Name the type of SOILS in the following:
* Temperate deciduous forests: Fertile soil
* Temperate rainforests: landslides
* Tropical rainforests: poor acidic soil
* Tropical dry forest: erosion prone soil
* Desert: Saline soil
* Tundra: Permafrost
* Boreal forest (Taiga): acidic soil
28: How do biomes change with altitude? Explain.
The biomes change with altitude is the higher up the biome, and the lower the temperature. Which that mean is that based on the altitude of the biome, and so the animals and plant that leases at each are different.