1: What does it mean that a factor is tangible? Intangible?
Tangible is by measurable, intangible can't.
2: What is “tragedy of the commons”?
When a resource is shared, an individual's personal share of profit from exploitation of the resource is usually greater than that individual's share of the resulting loss.
3: What is a “commons”?
Any resources owned publicly with public access for private uses
4: Explain how cow herding is an example of “tragedy of the commons”.
The addition of 1 cow has both a positive and negative value. The positive value is the benefit when the herder sells that cow. The negative value is the additional grazing by the cow. The benefit to an individual of selling a cow for personal profit is greater than that individual's share of the loss in the degradation of the commons. The short term successful game plan, therefore is always to add another cow,
5: What are some examples of the “commons”?
US forest, 38% are on publicly owned lands. Ocean fisheries away from coastlines. Deep ocean seabed, where valuable mineral deposits lie. Antarctica, the atmosphere. Great Chagos Bank in the Indian Ocean.
6: How does low growth rate of a resource contribute to its over exploitation?
Resource sustainability and maximum profit.
7: What is an externality? Give an example.
An effect not normally accounted for in the cost revenue analysis of producers. EX/ air and water pollution provide good.
8: What are public services of nature (ecosystem services)? How much are they worth?
cost of pollinating these crops by hand would be exorbitant. Public service functions have been estimated to provide between $3 trillion ans $33 trillion per year.
9: Why is it hard to value nature?
Personal preference
10: How do we evaluate the acceptability of risk?
# of people affected. Novel riskis appear to be less acceptable than long established or natural risks. People's willingness to pay for reducing a risk also varies with how essential and desirable thee activity associated with the risk is.
11: What is the U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act?
No 1 may manufacture a new chemical substance w/o obtaining a clearance from the EPA. Act establishes procedures to estimate the hazard to the environment and to human health.
12: How do we achieve environmental policy?
Moral suasion, direct controls, market processes, and government investments.
13: What are the 3 common methods of control of pollution?
1. setting maximum levels of pollution emission
2.requiring specific procedures and processes that reduce pollution
3.charging fees for pollution emission
Tangible is by measurable, intangible can't.
2: What is “tragedy of the commons”?
When a resource is shared, an individual's personal share of profit from exploitation of the resource is usually greater than that individual's share of the resulting loss.
3: What is a “commons”?
Any resources owned publicly with public access for private uses
4: Explain how cow herding is an example of “tragedy of the commons”.
The addition of 1 cow has both a positive and negative value. The positive value is the benefit when the herder sells that cow. The negative value is the additional grazing by the cow. The benefit to an individual of selling a cow for personal profit is greater than that individual's share of the loss in the degradation of the commons. The short term successful game plan, therefore is always to add another cow,
5: What are some examples of the “commons”?
US forest, 38% are on publicly owned lands. Ocean fisheries away from coastlines. Deep ocean seabed, where valuable mineral deposits lie. Antarctica, the atmosphere. Great Chagos Bank in the Indian Ocean.
6: How does low growth rate of a resource contribute to its over exploitation?
Resource sustainability and maximum profit.
7: What is an externality? Give an example.
An effect not normally accounted for in the cost revenue analysis of producers. EX/ air and water pollution provide good.
8: What are public services of nature (ecosystem services)? How much are they worth?
cost of pollinating these crops by hand would be exorbitant. Public service functions have been estimated to provide between $3 trillion ans $33 trillion per year.
9: Why is it hard to value nature?
Personal preference
10: How do we evaluate the acceptability of risk?
# of people affected. Novel riskis appear to be less acceptable than long established or natural risks. People's willingness to pay for reducing a risk also varies with how essential and desirable thee activity associated with the risk is.
11: What is the U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act?
No 1 may manufacture a new chemical substance w/o obtaining a clearance from the EPA. Act establishes procedures to estimate the hazard to the environment and to human health.
12: How do we achieve environmental policy?
Moral suasion, direct controls, market processes, and government investments.
13: What are the 3 common methods of control of pollution?
1. setting maximum levels of pollution emission
2.requiring specific procedures and processes that reduce pollution
3.charging fees for pollution emission