Botkin & Keller
-Mono Lake is the largest salt lake in California.
-More than a million birds use the lake
-The lake has persisted because of water feeding into it from the Sierra Nevada Mountains nearby (snow & rain)
-In the 1940's, the City of Los Angeles diverted the mountain water to provide water for city-leaving the lake without any input of water
-Environment forums expressed convern that the water woudl become too salty/alkaline for the shrimp and fly larvae to live
-Planktonic algae feed brine shrimp, brine shrimp feed California gull, eared grebe, and wilson's phalarope
-Benthic algae feed brine fly, brine fly feed Califorcia gull, eared grebe, wilson's phalarope, snowy plover, and red-necked phalarope
-More than a million birds use the lake
-The lake has persisted because of water feeding into it from the Sierra Nevada Mountains nearby (snow & rain)
-In the 1940's, the City of Los Angeles diverted the mountain water to provide water for city-leaving the lake without any input of water
-Environment forums expressed convern that the water woudl become too salty/alkaline for the shrimp and fly larvae to live
-Planktonic algae feed brine shrimp, brine shrimp feed California gull, eared grebe, and wilson's phalarope
-Benthic algae feed brine fly, brine fly feed Califorcia gull, eared grebe, wilson's phalarope, snowy plover, and red-necked phalarope
-Science is a continuous process
-sometimes science undergoes a dundamental revolution in ideas.
-Science begin with Observations.
-Deals only with statement that can be disproved.
-sometimes science undergoes a dundamental revolution in ideas.
-Science begin with Observations.
-Deals only with statement that can be disproved.
Scientific theory
-A grand scheme that relates and explains many observations and is supported by a great deal of evidence. Theories have tremendous prestige and are considered the greatest achievements of science.
Hypothesis
-Written as a statement:
+When scientists wish to test an inference
+Can be disproved
+Must use an "If and Then" statement
-If a hypothesis has not been disproved
+Is still not proven true- only found to be probably true
-Written as a statement:
+When scientists wish to test an inference
+Can be disproved
+Must use an "If and Then" statement
-If a hypothesis has not been disproved
+Is still not proven true- only found to be probably true
Variables
- Dependent variable+ rate of photosynthesis
-Independent variable+ amount of light
-Manipulated variable+ independent variable because can be changed
-Responding variable+ dependent variable because it response to change
- Dependent variable+ rate of photosynthesis
-Independent variable+ amount of light
-Manipulated variable+ independent variable because can be changed
-Responding variable+ dependent variable because it response to change
Controlled experiment
-Experiment compared to a standard, or control.
+An exact duplicate of the experiment except the condition of one variable being tested.
-Any difference in outcome attributed to the independent variable.
-Experiment compared to a standard, or control.
+An exact duplicate of the experiment except the condition of one variable being tested.
-Any difference in outcome attributed to the independent variable.
Repeatability
-Operational definitions (Experimental constants)
-variables described in terms of what one would have to do to duplicate the variable's measurements.
-Operational definition allows other scientist to repeat experiments exactly to validate results.
-Operational definitions (Experimental constants)
-variables described in terms of what one would have to do to duplicate the variable's measurements.
-Operational definition allows other scientist to repeat experiments exactly to validate results.
Data
-Quantitative+ numerical
-Qualitative+ non-numerical
Scientific method
1. make observation and develop a question about the observation
2. develop a tentative answer- a hypothesis.
3.Design a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis.
4. Collect data.
5. Interpret data.
6. Draw a conclusion from the data.
7. Compare the conclusion to the hypothesis and determine whether the results support or reject the hypothesis.
8. If the hypothesis is supported, conduct additional experiments to test it further. If the hypothesis is rejected, construct a new hypothesis.
-Quantitative+ numerical
-Qualitative+ non-numerical
Scientific method
1. make observation and develop a question about the observation
2. develop a tentative answer- a hypothesis.
3.Design a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis.
4. Collect data.
5. Interpret data.
6. Draw a conclusion from the data.
7. Compare the conclusion to the hypothesis and determine whether the results support or reject the hypothesis.
8. If the hypothesis is supported, conduct additional experiments to test it further. If the hypothesis is rejected, construct a new hypothesis.
California Condor
-Numbers declined to 22 in the 1970's
-Suggestions to help populations
+Remove all from the wild and breed in zoos
+Improve habitat; returning it to grassland
-Population to small to divide into two different study groups.
+Captive breeding begun.
Environmental Problem
-An environmental question that has been difficult to investigate using the traditional scientific method is the problem of the California Condor. In the 1970's the total population of this species, America's largest bird (wingspan) had declined to only 22.
-Scientists decided to capture all 22 and start a captive breeding program.
-By 1990's numbers large enough to start reintroduction.
-Today there are 300 condors, 158 in the wild.
-In 2003 first wild chicks fledged.
-Beginning to find their own food.
-Effort appears to be a success.
-Numbers declined to 22 in the 1970's
-Suggestions to help populations
+Remove all from the wild and breed in zoos
+Improve habitat; returning it to grassland
-Population to small to divide into two different study groups.
+Captive breeding begun.
Environmental Problem
-An environmental question that has been difficult to investigate using the traditional scientific method is the problem of the California Condor. In the 1970's the total population of this species, America's largest bird (wingspan) had declined to only 22.
-Scientists decided to capture all 22 and start a captive breeding program.
-By 1990's numbers large enough to start reintroduction.
-Today there are 300 condors, 158 in the wild.
-In 2003 first wild chicks fledged.
-Beginning to find their own food.
-Effort appears to be a success.
Modern catastrophes and disturbances as experiments
-Eruption of Mount St Helens in 1980
+Allowed for study of dynamics o ecological systems
-1988 Wildfire in Yellowstone NP
+Carefully monitored before and after
-Eruption of Mount St Helens in 1980
+Allowed for study of dynamics o ecological systems
-1988 Wildfire in Yellowstone NP
+Carefully monitored before and after