Diem Le
Life in the Ocean
By James W. Nybakken and Steven K. Webster
A:
-Although it may not hold the sea monsters that mariners once envisioned, it continues to hold many questions for scientists.
-Less than 10 percent of the ocean and, because of the difficulty of getting safely to the bottom, have explored no more than 1 percent of the deep ocean floor.
-researchers remain ignorant about many aspects of oceanic ecosystems, particularly about life in the mid waters—those between the light-filled upper 100 meters (328 feet) and the near-bottom realm of the deep sea.
-the 33 animal phyla, 30 describe residents of the ocean, 15 exclusively so.
-Only 16 phyla include animals found on land or in freshwater and of those only one is exclusively terrestrial.
-One and a half million terrestrial species have been described mostly insects and vascular plants but total estimates range from five million to more than 50 million.
-the organisms that live in the ocean, however, only 250,000 species have been identified; total estimates run closer to 400,000 to 450,000.
-Some of these creatures glow in the dark, many are soft and boneless, and most saltwater plants grow fast and die young—unlike trees, which live to a ripe old age.
-Seawater is about 800 times as dense as air and is much more viscous.
-The density of water also buoys up organisms, obviating the need for structural supports of cellulose or
bone to counteract gravity
-A few hundred meters deeper there is no sunlight at all and hence no photosynthesis.
-The midwater and deep-sea communities must depend on the photosynthesizers that reside in the sunlight-filled surface waters.
-Most of the larger species—the ones that turn the ocean green or brown or red when they bloom—thrive in coastal and certain equatorial areas where nutrients are abundant.
-Bottom dwelling large algae, such as kelp and seed plants such as surf grasses are confined to such a restricted shallow zone around the continents and islands that they contribute little to the overall biological productivity of the ocean, which is relatively modest.
-The ocean does not contain much plant life, because concentrations of critical nutrients are lower than they are on land.
-Surface waters are always quite balmy in temperate regions these upper waters warm in the summer and are cold the rest of the year.
-Below the well-mixed surface layer is a narrow zone—called the thermocline—that separates the warm surface from the colder, and thus heavier, water beneath.
-no light reaches it, no photosynthesis takes place there—so few organisms take advantage of this abundant nourishment.
-Surface water is often barren of nutrients because the sun loving photosynthesizers have depleted them.
-the separation between the warmth at the surface and the cold at depth is so great that even hurricanes and typhoons cannot completely mix the two.
-Lacking these clouds of microscopic life, tropical seas normally stay crystal-clear.
-Temperature and depth also play an important role because these variables control the availability of oxygen.
-life is sparse and moves slowly down there, oxygen is rarely depleted.
-the ocean is often most oxygen depleted at intermediate depths.
-Every 10 meters of seawater adds roughly another atmosphere of pressure: at one-kilometer depth the pressure is 100 atmospheres (100 times what people normally experience).
-Many invertebrates and some fishes can tolerate the trip from 1 kilometer deep up to the surface if they do not have gas filled sacs that expand as they ascend and can then survive at 1 atmosphere for years in refrigerated aquariums.
-Recent studies of the deep sea suggest that although the diversity of species is
high, their density is quite low
-Food for these organisms arrives in the unending shower of organic particles called marine snow—although sometimes a large carcass, a clump of kelp or a waterlogged tree may settle on the seafloor.
-As it sinks toward the bottom, microbes, invertebrates and fishes feed on it—and so there is less and less to fall downward.
-Deep-sea animals and invertebrates with shells tend to be gelatinous and to have sluggish movements.
-The luminosity serves a variety of purposes: to identify and resognize species to lure potential prey to startle a predator and to warm mates of dangers.
-h they are able to flash light, midwater fishes are often black in color, and many of the crustaceans are red.
-red light cannot penetrate into deep water, this color provides excellent camouflage.
-environment constitute less than 1% of the ocean floor by area but because they are shallow well lit and adjacent to landmasses, concentrationsof nutrients and biological productivity are relatively high.
-Perhaps the most familiar near shore communtities of all are those of the intertidal zone which occupies a meter or 2 between the high and low tide marks.
-This intertidal stratum is inhabited almost exclusively by marine organisms although deer, sheep, raccoons, coyotes and bears visit occasionally as do some insects and a wealth of shorebirds.
-Orgonisms living there must be able to endure dryness, bright sunlight and severs shifts in temperature during low tide as well as the mechanical wear and tear of the waves which can produce force equivalent to typhoon winds.
-instance are constantly churned by the waves so no plants or animals can get a grip for long.
-They are principally grazed by sea urchins and abalone, marine invertebrates that are delicacies for humans and sea otters alike.
-The urchins get the upper hand eating the local kelp and other algae and some invertabrates to near extinction.
-Human actions have also profoundly affected many coral ecosystems.
-These species have photosynthetic dinoflagellates in their gastric tissues indeed 80% of coral's soft part can be made of these creatures.
-Most reef corals need clear water and a depth of no more than 30 meter so that sunlight can reach their zooxanthellae.
-grazers was demponstrated when a pathogen killed 99% of the long spined sea urchins in the Caribbean and algae grew unimpeded, crowding out the corals.
B:
Although it may not hold the sea monsters that mariners once envisioned, it continues to hold many questions for scientists.Less than 10 percent of the ocean and, because of the difficulty of getting safely to the bottom, have explored no more than 1 percent of the deep ocean floor. researchers remain ignorant about many aspects of oceanic ecosystems, particularly about life in the mid waters—those between the light-filled upper 100 meters (328 feet) and the near-bottom realm of the deep sea.the 33 animal phyla, 30 describe residents of the ocean, 15 exclusively so.A few hundred meters deeper there is no sunlight at all and hence no photosynthesis.Lacking these clouds of microscopic life, tropical seas normally stay crystal-clear.Temperature and depth also play an important role because these variables control the availability of oxygen.Many invertebrates and some fishes can tolerate the trip from 1 kilometer deep up to the surface if they do not have gas filled sacs that expand as they ascend and can then survive at 1 atmosphere for years in refrigerated aquariums.Recent studies of the deep sea suggest that although the diversity of species is high, their density is quite low .Orgonisms living there must be able to endure dryness, bright sunlight and severs shifts in temperature during low tide as well as the mechanical wear and tear of the waves which can produce force equivalent to typhoon winds.instance are constantly churned by the waves so no plants or animals can get a grip for long.Weather patterns and seasonal variations also influence the makeup of the inter tidal zone.Temperate areas have the most developed inter tidal communities because summer fogs often protect creatures from direct sunlight.both require abundant sunlight and grow within 30 meters or so of the surface. Kelp grow very quickly—as much as half a meter a day in some places.Ninety percent of this plant matter is eaten immediately or washes away to the beach or deep sea, where herbivores later consume it.They are principally grazed by sea urchins and abalone, marine invertebrates that are delicacies for humans and sea otters alike.The urchins get the upper hand eating the local kelp and other algae and some invertebrates to near extinction.Human actions have also profoundly affected many coral ecosystems.These species have photosynthetic dinoflagellates in their gastric tissues indeed 80% of coral's soft part can be made of these creatures.Most reef corals need clear water and a depth of no more than 30 meter so that sunlight can reach their zooxanthellae. grazers was demonstrated when a pathogen killed 99% of the long spined sea urchins in the Caribbean and algae grew unimpeded, crowding out the corals.
C:
It only have 16 phyla include animal found on land or in freshwater and of those only 1 is exclusively terrestrial. It have 1 and a half million terrestrial species have been described mostly insects and vascular plant but total estimates range from 5 million to more than 50 million.Only 250,000 species have been identified. The total of estimates run closer to 400,000 to 450,000. Some creatures glow in the dark, many are soft and boneless, and most saltwater plants grow fast and die young. Trees is live to a ripe old age.Seawater is about 800 times as dense as air and is much more viscous.The density of water also buoys up organisms, obviating the need for structural supports of cellulose or bone to counteract gravity.
So What?
As it sinks toward the bottom, microbes, invertebrates and fishes feed on it—and so there is less and less to fall downward. Deep-sea animals and invertebrates with shells tend to be gelatinous and to have sluggish movements.Surface waters are always quite balmy in temperate regions these upper waters warm in the summer and are cold the rest of the year.Below the well-mixed surface layer is a narrow zone—called the thermonuclear—that separates the warm surface from the colder, and thus heavier, water beneath.no light reaches it, no photosynthesis takes place there—so few organisms take advantage of this abundant nourishment.Surface water is often barren of nutrients because the sun loving photosynthesizes have depleted them.
Say Who?
Food for these organisms arrives in the unending shower of organic particles called marine snow—although sometimes a large carcass, a clump of kelp or a waterlogged tree may settle on the seafloor.The luminosity serves a variety of purposes: to identify and recognize species to lure potential prey to startle a predator and to warm mates of dangers. they are able to flash light, mid water fishes are often black in color,and many of the crustaceans are red.red light cannot penetrate into deep water, this color provides excellent camouflage.life is sparse and moves slowly down there, oxygen is rarely depleted.the ocean is often most oxygen depleted at intermediate depths.Every 10 meters of seawater adds roughly another atmosphere of pressure: at one-kilometer depth the pressure is 100 atmospheres (100 times what people normally experience)
What If...?
what if their movements to feed—whether they are going from deep water to the surface or moving around the globe—result in the longest migrations of animals on the planet.environment constitute less than 1% of the ocean floor by area but because they are shallow well lit and adjacent to landmasses, concentrations of nutrients and biological productivity are relatively high.Perhaps the most familiar near shore communities of all are those of the inter tidal zone which occupies a meter or 2 between the high and low tide marks.This inter tidal stratum is inhabited almost exclusively by marine organisms although deer, sheep, raccoon, coyotes and bears visit occasionally as do some insects and a wealth of shorebirds.
What Does This Remind Me Of?
The mid water and deep-sea communities must depend on the photosynthesizes that reside in the sunlight-filled surface waters.Most of the larger species—the ones that turn the ocean green or brown or red when they bloom—thrive in coastal and certain equatorial areas where nutrients are abundant.Bottom dwelling large algae, such as kelp and seed plants such as surf grasses are confined to such a restricted shallow zone around the continents and islands that they contribute little to the overall biological productivity of the ocean, which is relatively modest.The ocean does not contain much plant life, because concentrations of critical nutrients are lower than they are on land.the separation between the warmth at the surface and the cold at depth is so great that even hurricanes and typhoons cannot completely mix the two.
Life in the Ocean
By James W. Nybakken and Steven K. Webster
A:
-Although it may not hold the sea monsters that mariners once envisioned, it continues to hold many questions for scientists.
-Less than 10 percent of the ocean and, because of the difficulty of getting safely to the bottom, have explored no more than 1 percent of the deep ocean floor.
-researchers remain ignorant about many aspects of oceanic ecosystems, particularly about life in the mid waters—those between the light-filled upper 100 meters (328 feet) and the near-bottom realm of the deep sea.
-the 33 animal phyla, 30 describe residents of the ocean, 15 exclusively so.
-Only 16 phyla include animals found on land or in freshwater and of those only one is exclusively terrestrial.
-One and a half million terrestrial species have been described mostly insects and vascular plants but total estimates range from five million to more than 50 million.
-the organisms that live in the ocean, however, only 250,000 species have been identified; total estimates run closer to 400,000 to 450,000.
-Some of these creatures glow in the dark, many are soft and boneless, and most saltwater plants grow fast and die young—unlike trees, which live to a ripe old age.
-Seawater is about 800 times as dense as air and is much more viscous.
-The density of water also buoys up organisms, obviating the need for structural supports of cellulose or
bone to counteract gravity
-A few hundred meters deeper there is no sunlight at all and hence no photosynthesis.
-The midwater and deep-sea communities must depend on the photosynthesizers that reside in the sunlight-filled surface waters.
-Most of the larger species—the ones that turn the ocean green or brown or red when they bloom—thrive in coastal and certain equatorial areas where nutrients are abundant.
-Bottom dwelling large algae, such as kelp and seed plants such as surf grasses are confined to such a restricted shallow zone around the continents and islands that they contribute little to the overall biological productivity of the ocean, which is relatively modest.
-The ocean does not contain much plant life, because concentrations of critical nutrients are lower than they are on land.
-Surface waters are always quite balmy in temperate regions these upper waters warm in the summer and are cold the rest of the year.
-Below the well-mixed surface layer is a narrow zone—called the thermocline—that separates the warm surface from the colder, and thus heavier, water beneath.
-no light reaches it, no photosynthesis takes place there—so few organisms take advantage of this abundant nourishment.
-Surface water is often barren of nutrients because the sun loving photosynthesizers have depleted them.
-the separation between the warmth at the surface and the cold at depth is so great that even hurricanes and typhoons cannot completely mix the two.
-Lacking these clouds of microscopic life, tropical seas normally stay crystal-clear.
-Temperature and depth also play an important role because these variables control the availability of oxygen.
-life is sparse and moves slowly down there, oxygen is rarely depleted.
-the ocean is often most oxygen depleted at intermediate depths.
-Every 10 meters of seawater adds roughly another atmosphere of pressure: at one-kilometer depth the pressure is 100 atmospheres (100 times what people normally experience).
-Many invertebrates and some fishes can tolerate the trip from 1 kilometer deep up to the surface if they do not have gas filled sacs that expand as they ascend and can then survive at 1 atmosphere for years in refrigerated aquariums.
-Recent studies of the deep sea suggest that although the diversity of species is
high, their density is quite low
-Food for these organisms arrives in the unending shower of organic particles called marine snow—although sometimes a large carcass, a clump of kelp or a waterlogged tree may settle on the seafloor.
-As it sinks toward the bottom, microbes, invertebrates and fishes feed on it—and so there is less and less to fall downward.
-Deep-sea animals and invertebrates with shells tend to be gelatinous and to have sluggish movements.
-The luminosity serves a variety of purposes: to identify and resognize species to lure potential prey to startle a predator and to warm mates of dangers.
-h they are able to flash light, midwater fishes are often black in color, and many of the crustaceans are red.
-red light cannot penetrate into deep water, this color provides excellent camouflage.
-environment constitute less than 1% of the ocean floor by area but because they are shallow well lit and adjacent to landmasses, concentrationsof nutrients and biological productivity are relatively high.
-Perhaps the most familiar near shore communtities of all are those of the intertidal zone which occupies a meter or 2 between the high and low tide marks.
-This intertidal stratum is inhabited almost exclusively by marine organisms although deer, sheep, raccoons, coyotes and bears visit occasionally as do some insects and a wealth of shorebirds.
-Orgonisms living there must be able to endure dryness, bright sunlight and severs shifts in temperature during low tide as well as the mechanical wear and tear of the waves which can produce force equivalent to typhoon winds.
-instance are constantly churned by the waves so no plants or animals can get a grip for long.
-They are principally grazed by sea urchins and abalone, marine invertebrates that are delicacies for humans and sea otters alike.
-The urchins get the upper hand eating the local kelp and other algae and some invertabrates to near extinction.
-Human actions have also profoundly affected many coral ecosystems.
-These species have photosynthetic dinoflagellates in their gastric tissues indeed 80% of coral's soft part can be made of these creatures.
-Most reef corals need clear water and a depth of no more than 30 meter so that sunlight can reach their zooxanthellae.
-grazers was demponstrated when a pathogen killed 99% of the long spined sea urchins in the Caribbean and algae grew unimpeded, crowding out the corals.
B:
Although it may not hold the sea monsters that mariners once envisioned, it continues to hold many questions for scientists.Less than 10 percent of the ocean and, because of the difficulty of getting safely to the bottom, have explored no more than 1 percent of the deep ocean floor. researchers remain ignorant about many aspects of oceanic ecosystems, particularly about life in the mid waters—those between the light-filled upper 100 meters (328 feet) and the near-bottom realm of the deep sea.the 33 animal phyla, 30 describe residents of the ocean, 15 exclusively so.A few hundred meters deeper there is no sunlight at all and hence no photosynthesis.Lacking these clouds of microscopic life, tropical seas normally stay crystal-clear.Temperature and depth also play an important role because these variables control the availability of oxygen.Many invertebrates and some fishes can tolerate the trip from 1 kilometer deep up to the surface if they do not have gas filled sacs that expand as they ascend and can then survive at 1 atmosphere for years in refrigerated aquariums.Recent studies of the deep sea suggest that although the diversity of species is high, their density is quite low .Orgonisms living there must be able to endure dryness, bright sunlight and severs shifts in temperature during low tide as well as the mechanical wear and tear of the waves which can produce force equivalent to typhoon winds.instance are constantly churned by the waves so no plants or animals can get a grip for long.Weather patterns and seasonal variations also influence the makeup of the inter tidal zone.Temperate areas have the most developed inter tidal communities because summer fogs often protect creatures from direct sunlight.both require abundant sunlight and grow within 30 meters or so of the surface. Kelp grow very quickly—as much as half a meter a day in some places.Ninety percent of this plant matter is eaten immediately or washes away to the beach or deep sea, where herbivores later consume it.They are principally grazed by sea urchins and abalone, marine invertebrates that are delicacies for humans and sea otters alike.The urchins get the upper hand eating the local kelp and other algae and some invertebrates to near extinction.Human actions have also profoundly affected many coral ecosystems.These species have photosynthetic dinoflagellates in their gastric tissues indeed 80% of coral's soft part can be made of these creatures.Most reef corals need clear water and a depth of no more than 30 meter so that sunlight can reach their zooxanthellae. grazers was demonstrated when a pathogen killed 99% of the long spined sea urchins in the Caribbean and algae grew unimpeded, crowding out the corals.
C:
It only have 16 phyla include animal found on land or in freshwater and of those only 1 is exclusively terrestrial. It have 1 and a half million terrestrial species have been described mostly insects and vascular plant but total estimates range from 5 million to more than 50 million.Only 250,000 species have been identified. The total of estimates run closer to 400,000 to 450,000. Some creatures glow in the dark, many are soft and boneless, and most saltwater plants grow fast and die young. Trees is live to a ripe old age.Seawater is about 800 times as dense as air and is much more viscous.The density of water also buoys up organisms, obviating the need for structural supports of cellulose or bone to counteract gravity.
So What?
As it sinks toward the bottom, microbes, invertebrates and fishes feed on it—and so there is less and less to fall downward. Deep-sea animals and invertebrates with shells tend to be gelatinous and to have sluggish movements.Surface waters are always quite balmy in temperate regions these upper waters warm in the summer and are cold the rest of the year.Below the well-mixed surface layer is a narrow zone—called the thermonuclear—that separates the warm surface from the colder, and thus heavier, water beneath.no light reaches it, no photosynthesis takes place there—so few organisms take advantage of this abundant nourishment.Surface water is often barren of nutrients because the sun loving photosynthesizes have depleted them.
Say Who?
Food for these organisms arrives in the unending shower of organic particles called marine snow—although sometimes a large carcass, a clump of kelp or a waterlogged tree may settle on the seafloor.The luminosity serves a variety of purposes: to identify and recognize species to lure potential prey to startle a predator and to warm mates of dangers. they are able to flash light, mid water fishes are often black in color,and many of the crustaceans are red.red light cannot penetrate into deep water, this color provides excellent camouflage.life is sparse and moves slowly down there, oxygen is rarely depleted.the ocean is often most oxygen depleted at intermediate depths.Every 10 meters of seawater adds roughly another atmosphere of pressure: at one-kilometer depth the pressure is 100 atmospheres (100 times what people normally experience)
What If...?
what if their movements to feed—whether they are going from deep water to the surface or moving around the globe—result in the longest migrations of animals on the planet.environment constitute less than 1% of the ocean floor by area but because they are shallow well lit and adjacent to landmasses, concentrations of nutrients and biological productivity are relatively high.Perhaps the most familiar near shore communities of all are those of the inter tidal zone which occupies a meter or 2 between the high and low tide marks.This inter tidal stratum is inhabited almost exclusively by marine organisms although deer, sheep, raccoon, coyotes and bears visit occasionally as do some insects and a wealth of shorebirds.
What Does This Remind Me Of?
The mid water and deep-sea communities must depend on the photosynthesizes that reside in the sunlight-filled surface waters.Most of the larger species—the ones that turn the ocean green or brown or red when they bloom—thrive in coastal and certain equatorial areas where nutrients are abundant.Bottom dwelling large algae, such as kelp and seed plants such as surf grasses are confined to such a restricted shallow zone around the continents and islands that they contribute little to the overall biological productivity of the ocean, which is relatively modest.The ocean does not contain much plant life, because concentrations of critical nutrients are lower than they are on land.the separation between the warmth at the surface and the cold at depth is so great that even hurricanes and typhoons cannot completely mix the two.