1: List the symptoms and vectors (how spread) of the following disease:
* H1N1 (Swine Flu): Symptoms for H1N1 is tiredness, headache, runny nose, sore throat. Widespread rapidly, concerns about swine fly had greatly diminished because it appeared to be a rather mild form of the disease and quick responses seemed to have mostly contained it.
* West Nile Virus: Spead by mosquitoes which bite infected birds, ingest the virus and then bite people.
Symptoms for West Nile Virus is headache, backache, muscle aches, sore throat .
* SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome): Demonstrated that modern transportation and the world's huge human population could lead to the rapid spread of epidemic disease.
Symptom for SARS is cough, difficulty breathing.
2: Why are diseases that affect humans expected to increase in the future?
The human population grows, people live in new habitats, where previously unknown diseases occur.
3: Define the following:
* Population Dynamics: The branch of life sciences that studies short-term and long-term changes in the size and age composition of populations, and the biological and environmental processes influencing those changes
* A Population: summation of all the organisms of the same group or species, who live in the same geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.
* Species: one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank.
* Demography: the statistical study of human populations.
4: What are the 5 key properties of any population?
Abundance, birth rates, death rate, growth rates, and age structure.
5: What are the 4 phases of the human population?
Hunter Gatherers, Agricultural Revolution, Industrial Revolution, Modern era.
6: Define the following terms:
*Crude Birth Rate: # of births per 1,000 individuals per year; called "crude" because population age structure in not taken into account.
*Crude Death Rate: # of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year.
*Crude Growth Rate: Net # added per 1,000 individuals per year; also equal to the crude birth rate minus crude death rate.
* TFR (Total Fertility Rate): The average # of children expected to be born to a woman throughout her childbearing years.
* Doubling Time: (define and calculate?) The # of years it takes for a population to double, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
T=70/annual growth rate.
* Life Expectancy Rate: The average # of years a newborn infant can expect to live given current mortality rates.
* GNP Per Capital: Gross national product (GNP), which includes the value of all domestic and foreign output.
7: What is the S-shaped or Logistic Growth Curve?
generated by the logistic growth equation. In the logistic, a small population grows rapidly, but the growth rate slows down, and the population eventually reaches a constant size.
8: Explain this equation: P2 = P1 + (B - D) + (I - E)
P2= # of individuals in a population at time 1.
P1= # of individuals in that population at some later time 2.
B= # of births in the period from time 1 to time 2.
D= # of deaths from time 1 to time 2.
I= # entering as immigrants
E= # leaving as emigrants.
9: Explain this equation: g = (B -D)/N or g = G/N
G= the difference of crude birth rate and crude death rate
N= total number of population.
10: What does an age-structure pyramid show?
Number of individuals in a particular age group
11: Summarize (one paragraph) The Prophecy of Thomas Malthus:
In 2008 Malthus was suddenly back on front page, the Focus of major articles in the NEW YORK TIMES and the WALL STREET JOURNAL, among other place. malthus based his argument on 3 simple premises is Food is necessary for people to survive, "passion between the sexes is necessary and will remain nearly in its present state" so children will continue to be born, the power of population growth is infinitely greater than the power of Eadth to produce subsistence.
12: What is the demographic transition?
A 3-stage pattern of change in birth rates and death rates that has occurred during the process of industrial and economic development of Western nations.
13: What is the difference between a maximum lifetime and life expectancy?
Maximum lifetime is the genetically determined maximum possible age to which an individual of a species can live. Life expectancy is the average # of years an individual can expect to live given the individual's % age.
14: Which country has the highest life expectancy? Who is 2nd?
Lapan. The 2nd is Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia, Canada, France,...
15: What is the life expectancy of the United States?
Ranks 50th among nations in life expectancy at 78 years.
16: Which country has the shortest life expectancy?
Swaziland
17: When discussing the carrying capacity of the Earth- What are the:
* Short-Term Factors:
Disruption of food distribution in a country because of drought or shortage of energy for transportation
* Intermediate-Term Factors:
Desertification; dispersal of certain pollutants such as toxic metals into waters and fisheries
*Long-Term Factors:
Soil erosion, decline in groundwater supplies and climate change
18: Explain how the carrying capacity of the Earth is a combination of science and of values.
Leading to new knowledge, which in turn leads to new technology, it makes possible both a greater impact per individual on Earth's resources and a higher density of human being. Scientific methods can be used to forecast a probable carrying capacity once a goal for the average quality of life, in terms of human values, is chosen.
19: What is the simplest and most effective means of slowing population growth?
To delay the age of 1st childbearing
20: Three characteristics of a population are the birth rate, growth rate, and death rate. How has
each been affected by (a) modern medicine, (b) modern agriculture, and (c) modern industry?
a. Death rates drop, birth rate is high. Growth rate is stable
b. High growth rate. Low birth and death rate
c. Death rates drop, birth rates drop. Growth rate is zero
21: What is meant by the statement “What is good for an individual is not always good for a
population”?
Some resource that an individual likes to use can become a pollute that resource for a population later on.
22: What environmental factors are likely to increase the chances of an outbreak of an epidemic
disease?
Environmental factors that are likely to increase chances of an outbreak are because of having a bigger population size.
23:What is the demographic transition? When would one expect replacement-level fertility to
be achieved—before, during, or after the demographic transition?
a three-stage pattern of change in birth rates and death rates that occurred during the process of industrial and economic development of Western Nations
24: Based on the history of human populations in various countries, how would you expect the
following to change as per capital income increased: (a) birth rates, (b) death rates, (c) average
family size, and (d) age structure of the population? Explain.
a. Go down because everyone is getting a job due to high income
b. Go down, because there would be more medicine due to more money
c. Go down, because there is less children needed to support a family
d. More elderly people, because there would be less young people because of higher income.
* H1N1 (Swine Flu): Symptoms for H1N1 is tiredness, headache, runny nose, sore throat. Widespread rapidly, concerns about swine fly had greatly diminished because it appeared to be a rather mild form of the disease and quick responses seemed to have mostly contained it.
* West Nile Virus: Spead by mosquitoes which bite infected birds, ingest the virus and then bite people.
Symptoms for West Nile Virus is headache, backache, muscle aches, sore throat .
* SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome): Demonstrated that modern transportation and the world's huge human population could lead to the rapid spread of epidemic disease.
Symptom for SARS is cough, difficulty breathing.
2: Why are diseases that affect humans expected to increase in the future?
The human population grows, people live in new habitats, where previously unknown diseases occur.
3: Define the following:
* Population Dynamics: The branch of life sciences that studies short-term and long-term changes in the size and age composition of populations, and the biological and environmental processes influencing those changes
* A Population: summation of all the organisms of the same group or species, who live in the same geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.
* Species: one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank.
* Demography: the statistical study of human populations.
4: What are the 5 key properties of any population?
Abundance, birth rates, death rate, growth rates, and age structure.
5: What are the 4 phases of the human population?
Hunter Gatherers, Agricultural Revolution, Industrial Revolution, Modern era.
6: Define the following terms:
*Crude Birth Rate: # of births per 1,000 individuals per year; called "crude" because population age structure in not taken into account.
*Crude Death Rate: # of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year.
*Crude Growth Rate: Net # added per 1,000 individuals per year; also equal to the crude birth rate minus crude death rate.
* TFR (Total Fertility Rate): The average # of children expected to be born to a woman throughout her childbearing years.
* Doubling Time: (define and calculate?) The # of years it takes for a population to double, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
T=70/annual growth rate.
* Life Expectancy Rate: The average # of years a newborn infant can expect to live given current mortality rates.
* GNP Per Capital: Gross national product (GNP), which includes the value of all domestic and foreign output.
7: What is the S-shaped or Logistic Growth Curve?
generated by the logistic growth equation. In the logistic, a small population grows rapidly, but the growth rate slows down, and the population eventually reaches a constant size.
8: Explain this equation: P2 = P1 + (B - D) + (I - E)
P2= # of individuals in a population at time 1.
P1= # of individuals in that population at some later time 2.
B= # of births in the period from time 1 to time 2.
D= # of deaths from time 1 to time 2.
I= # entering as immigrants
E= # leaving as emigrants.
9: Explain this equation: g = (B -D)/N or g = G/N
G= the difference of crude birth rate and crude death rate
N= total number of population.
10: What does an age-structure pyramid show?
Number of individuals in a particular age group
11: Summarize (one paragraph) The Prophecy of Thomas Malthus:
In 2008 Malthus was suddenly back on front page, the Focus of major articles in the NEW YORK TIMES and the WALL STREET JOURNAL, among other place. malthus based his argument on 3 simple premises is Food is necessary for people to survive, "passion between the sexes is necessary and will remain nearly in its present state" so children will continue to be born, the power of population growth is infinitely greater than the power of Eadth to produce subsistence.
12: What is the demographic transition?
A 3-stage pattern of change in birth rates and death rates that has occurred during the process of industrial and economic development of Western nations.
13: What is the difference between a maximum lifetime and life expectancy?
Maximum lifetime is the genetically determined maximum possible age to which an individual of a species can live. Life expectancy is the average # of years an individual can expect to live given the individual's % age.
14: Which country has the highest life expectancy? Who is 2nd?
Lapan. The 2nd is Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia, Canada, France,...
15: What is the life expectancy of the United States?
Ranks 50th among nations in life expectancy at 78 years.
16: Which country has the shortest life expectancy?
Swaziland
17: When discussing the carrying capacity of the Earth- What are the:
* Short-Term Factors:
Disruption of food distribution in a country because of drought or shortage of energy for transportation
* Intermediate-Term Factors:
Desertification; dispersal of certain pollutants such as toxic metals into waters and fisheries
*Long-Term Factors:
Soil erosion, decline in groundwater supplies and climate change
18: Explain how the carrying capacity of the Earth is a combination of science and of values.
Leading to new knowledge, which in turn leads to new technology, it makes possible both a greater impact per individual on Earth's resources and a higher density of human being. Scientific methods can be used to forecast a probable carrying capacity once a goal for the average quality of life, in terms of human values, is chosen.
19: What is the simplest and most effective means of slowing population growth?
To delay the age of 1st childbearing
20: Three characteristics of a population are the birth rate, growth rate, and death rate. How has
each been affected by (a) modern medicine, (b) modern agriculture, and (c) modern industry?
a. Death rates drop, birth rate is high. Growth rate is stable
b. High growth rate. Low birth and death rate
c. Death rates drop, birth rates drop. Growth rate is zero
21: What is meant by the statement “What is good for an individual is not always good for a
population”?
Some resource that an individual likes to use can become a pollute that resource for a population later on.
22: What environmental factors are likely to increase the chances of an outbreak of an epidemic
disease?
Environmental factors that are likely to increase chances of an outbreak are because of having a bigger population size.
23:What is the demographic transition? When would one expect replacement-level fertility to
be achieved—before, during, or after the demographic transition?
a three-stage pattern of change in birth rates and death rates that occurred during the process of industrial and economic development of Western Nations
24: Based on the history of human populations in various countries, how would you expect the
following to change as per capital income increased: (a) birth rates, (b) death rates, (c) average
family size, and (d) age structure of the population? Explain.
a. Go down because everyone is getting a job due to high income
b. Go down, because there would be more medicine due to more money
c. Go down, because there is less children needed to support a family
d. More elderly people, because there would be less young people because of higher income.