Title: Can Sustainable Management Help Save Tropical Forests?
Author: Richard E. Rice, Raymond E. Gullison, John W. Reid
Author: Richard E. Rice, Raymond E. Gullison, John W. Reid
A:
-Scientists properly investigated only a small fraction of fauna and flora. Deforestation in tropics continue on a vast scale driven by widespread logging.
-Mahogany is the most valuable species in tropical Americas. 1980- International Tropical Timber Organization selected Chimanes Forest as model site for sustainable management.
-Disturbances dispersed pockets where seedlings could grow.
-Produced group of trees of approx uniform age and size.
-Aspect of mahogany was alarming, meant that uncontrolled logging would obliterate older stands.
-Worries exacerbated by realization that there would be little natural growth to replace the harvested trees.
-With no natural growth, human intervention would be needed to maintain the mahogany.
-Timber companies had no economic incentive to invest in sustainable management.
-Less than one eight of 1% of world's tropical production forest were operating on sustained-yield basis as of late 1980s.
-If choosing the first option, the company would harvest the tree asap, invest the proceeds and earn the rate of return.
-Risks are considerable and capital is scarce, real interest rates are higher in developing countries than industrial countries.
-Companies that rapidly harvest their assets can invest their profits immediately.
-Value of trees left to grow can plummet if wind, fire or disease destroyed them in the future, therefore choosing to leave mahogany growing amounts to rather uncertain investment is the same.
-Incentives for uncontrolled logging in developing countries is weak.
-With slim support, govt. regulators in Bolivia are hard-pressed to counter balance the rewards of cutting all the valuable trees at once, therefore the reason why timber companies do not invest in regeneration the species.
-Sustainability is a poor guide to the environmental harm.
-Logging that's unsustainable don't need to be highly damaging, but also doesn't guarantee low environmental toll.
-Companies should manage forests in a way that is both sustainable for timber and minimally disturbing to environment.
-When forced to choose unsustainable, low-impact logging or sustainable high-impact logging, environmentalists should make sure they pick option that meets their conservation objectives.
-There is no such thing as faster growth or a brighter price outlook.
-Investments regenerating species will be any more attractive than investments in regenerating a targeted species.
-Large markets for secondary species may only increase # of trees that are harvested unsustainable.
-Commonsense argument favoring tenure security is that without it, timber companies have to be reluctant in investing future harvests.
-More secure land tenure makes investments in regeneration possible for timber companies to consider.
- It can also lower risk of making larger investments in logging equipment, which encourages swifter liquidation of resource.
-People are concerned with future of the rain forest view timber certification as means of providing economic incentive needed to spur sustainable management.
-Certification programs call for voluntary compliance with est. environmental standards for high prices or greater market access.
-Timber companies are likely to resist any restrictions at all on their movements.
-Timber companies can designate up to 30 percent of their concessions as off-limits to logging.
-Policy should encourage loggers to protect commercially marginal lands.
B:
Scientists properly investigated only a small fraction of fauna and flora. Deforestation in tropics continue on a vast scale driven by widespread logging.Mahogany is the most valuable species in tropical Americas. 1980- International Tropical Timber Organization selected Chimanes Forest as model site for sustainable management.Disturbances dispersed pockets where seedlings could grow.Produced group of trees of approx uniform age and size.Companies that rapidly harvest their assets can invest their profits immediately.Value of trees left to grow can plummet if wind, fire or disease destroyed them in the future, therefore choosing to leave mahogany growing amounts to rather uncertain investment is the same.Incentives for uncontrolled logging in developing countries is weak.With slim support, govt. regulators in Bolivia are hard-pressed to counter balance the rewards of cutting all the valuable trees at once, therefore the reason why timber companies do not invest in regeneration the species.Sustainability is a poor guide to the environmental harm. Logging that's unsustainable don't need to be highly damaging, but also doesn't guarantee low environmental toll. Companies should manage forests in a way that is both sustainable for timber and minimally disturbing to environment. When forced to choose unsustainable, low-impact logging or sustainable high-impact logging, environmentalists should make sure they pick option that meets their conservation objectives.There is no such thing as faster growth or a brighter price outlook. Investments regenerating species will be any more attractive than investments in regenerating a targeted species.Commonsense argument favoring tenure security is that without it, timber companies have to be reluctant in investing future harvests. Timber companies are likely to resist any restrictions at all on their movements. Timber companies can designate up to 30 percent of their concessions as off-limits to logging. Policy should encourage loggers to protect commercially marginal lands.
C:
There is no such thing as faster growth or a brighter price outlook. Investments regenerating species will be any more attractive than investments in regenerating a targeted species.Large markets for secondary species may only increase # of trees that are harvested unsustainable.Commonsense argument favoring tenure security is that without it, timber companies have to be reluctant in investing future harvests. More secure land tenure makes investments in regeneration possible for timber companies to consider.It can also lower risk of making larger investments in logging equipment, which encourages swifter liquidation of resource.People are concerned with future of the rain forest view timber certification as means of providing economic incentive needed to spur sustainable management. Certification programs call for voluntary compliance with est. environmental standards for high prices or greater market access.
So What?
Large markets for secondary species may only increase # of trees that areharvested unsustainable.Timber companies had no economic incentive to invest in sustainable management. Less than one eight of 1% of world's tropical production forest were operating on sustained-yield basis as of late 1980s. If choosing the first option, the company would harvest the tree asap, invest the proceeds and earn the rate of return. Risks are considerable and capital is scarce, real interest rates are higher in developing countries than industrial countries.
Say Who?
Richard E. Rice, Raymond E. Gullison, John W. Reid
What If...?
Aspect of mahogany was alarming, meant that uncontrolled logging would obliterate older stands.Worries exacerbated by realization that there would be little natural growth to replace the harvested trees.With no natural growth, human intervention would be needed to maintain the mahogany