Diem Le
Tittle: Enrichinging the see to death
By: scott W. Nixon
A:
-The townspeople were giving thanks
for the completed construction of their first public water supply.
-Soon afterward clean water flowed through taps and flush toilets, liberating residents forever from back breaking trips to the well and freezing visits to the privy.
-No longer was human excrement deposited discreetly in dry ground; the new flush toilets discharged streams of polluted water that often flowed through the streets.
-Town elders coped with the unhappy turn of events by building expensive networks of sewers, when variably routed waste to the most convenient body of water nearby.
-Dead fish and malodorous sludge fouled favorite beaches as sewage rode back toward land on the waves.
-Unwilling to return to the days of chamber pots and privies, people were soon forced to clean up their waste somewhat before discharging it.
-the various methods failed to extract the elements nitrogen and phosphorus, nutrients
indispensable to human life and abundant in human waste.
-Plants that live underwater often respond to these nutrients
just as beets and roses do: they grow faster.
-Aquatic plants are different from the trees and shrubs familiar to landlubbers most are microscopic single celled organisms called phytoplankton that drift suspended in the currents.
-The difference underwater results from the precarious balance between oxygen supply and demand in aquatic ecosystems.
-Terrestrial ecologists do not usually worry about oxygen because the air is full of it each cubic meter contains some 207 grams.
-The atmosphere is constantly in motion, replenishing oxygen wherever it is used.
-Although fish and a number of other aquatic animals have adapted to live under these conditions, a small decrease in the oxygen content of their surroundings can often be deadly to them.
-They receive ample sunlight to carry out photosynthesis during the day and have access to plenty of oxygen to support their metabolism at night.
-The more abundant the bloom, the heavier the fallout to the lower depths.
-When organic material is abundant in a lake and where surface and bottom waters seldom mix.
-the seas are vast and restless—the waste discharged from land seemed just a drop in a giant, sloshing bucket.
-Most at risk are sheltered regions that do not experience winds or tides strong enough to keep the sea thoroughly mixed the whole year around.
-Coastal areas are especially vulnerable to oxygen depletion because freshwater draining into the ocean from rivers and streams often laden with nutrients tends to float on top of denser saltwater.
-Some energetic mixing ensues, the lighter, oxygen rich veneer will remain isolated from the sender water below.
-The surface water rich in nutrients and bathed in sunlight, teem with phytoplankton and other forms of floating plant life.
-Below the surface entire bays can suffocate.
-Bays and estuaries provide some of the richest fishing grounds, yet oxygen depletion kills fish, and nutrients ma cause certain toxic varieties of phytinlankton to bloom contaminating the shellfish that feed on them.
-Fertilization of coastal waters also changes life underwater in more subtle ways.
-Pollution increases the supply of nitrogen but not the amount of silicon, these important organisms may be crowded out by other species of phytoplankton that are less useful to feeding fish and shellfish.
-Thick layers of phytoplankton may shade out the sea grasses and seaweeds that typically grow in coastal waters and shelter vulnerable creatures such as crabs and young fish.
-All this protein contains abundant nitrogen, which just increase the burden on the environment when it is metabolized and finally excreted.
-The count of livestock animals that also consume and excrete large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus has grown by 18% during the past 20 years.
-Rain washes these nutrients off the land and into rivers and streams, which then carry them to lakes and oceans.
-Farmers have also been raising increasing quantities of legumes (soybeans) which live in partnership with microorganisms that convert nitrogen to nutritive forms.
-The dead zone that forms in the Gulf of Mexico every summer probably results from excess fertilizer washed from farms and carried down the Mississippi.
-Research early on showed that phosphoruc rather than nitrogen induces aquatic plants to bloom in most freshwater environments.
-Phosphorus is chemically sticky and binds easily to other substances.
-Phosphorus can be easily removed from sewage by taking advantage of the same stickiness: during treatment, chemicals are added that bind up the element and then settle out along with other sludge.
-Largely because of improved phosphorus removal from sewage and a wide spread ban on the use of phosphate in products such as laundry detergent, the eutrophication of many lakes and rivers has been stopped or greatly reduced.
-Marine scientists still do not fully understand the reasons for this difference, but the implications are quite profound.
-Lightning has always converted a tiny amount of inert nitrogen gas, which makes up 78% of air, into soluble compounds that plants can take up in their roots and metabolize.
-Rain and wind carry these soluble compounds to the earth, further enriching coastal waters already replete with sewage and agricultural runoff.
-the occupancy of the planet set to reach more than nine billion by 2050, there will be that many more mouths to feed, more fields to fertilize, more livestock to raise and more tons of waste to dispose of.
-With large stretches of coastline exposed to unprecedented levels of nitrogen, it seems inevitable that ocean waters around the world will become greener, browner and redder and that there will be more frequent periods when the bottom of the sea in vulnerable locations becomes lifeless.
B:
The townspeople were giving thanks for the completed construction of their first public water supply.Soon afterward clean water flowed through taps and flush toilets, liberating residents forever from back breaking trips to the well and freezing visits to the privy.No longer was human excrement deposited discreetly in dry ground; the new flush toilets discharged streams of polluted water that often flowed through the streets.Town elders coped with the unhappy turn of events by building expensive networks of sewers, whin variably rounted waste to the most convenient body of water nearby.Dead fish and malodorous sludge fouled favorite beaches as sewage rode back toward land on the waves.Unwilling to return to the days of chamber pots and privies, people were soon forced to clean up their waste somewhat before discharging it.the various methods failed to extract the elements nitrogen and phosphorus, nutrients indispensable to human life and abundant in human waste.The more abundant the bloom, the heavier the fallout to the lower depths.When organic material is abundant in a lake and where surface and bottom waters seldom mix.The seas are vast and restless—the waste discharged from land seemed just a drop in a giant, sloshing bucket.Most at risk are sheltered regions that do not experience winds or tides strong enough to keep the sea thoroughly mixed the whole year around.The count of livestock animals that also consume and excrete large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus has grown by 18% during the past 20 years.Rain washes these nutrients off the land and into rivers and streams, which then carry them to lakes and oceans.Phosphorus is chemically sticky and binds easily to other substances.Phosphorus can be easily removed from sewage by taking advantage of the same stickiness: during treatment, chemicals are added that bind up the element and then settle out along with other sludge.With large stretches of coastline exposed to unprecedented levels of nitrogen, it seems inevitable that ocean waters around the world will become greener, browner and redder and that there will be more frequent periods when the bottom of the sea in vulnerable locations becomes lifeless.
Tittle: Enrichinging the see to death
By: scott W. Nixon
A:
-The townspeople were giving thanks
for the completed construction of their first public water supply.
-Soon afterward clean water flowed through taps and flush toilets, liberating residents forever from back breaking trips to the well and freezing visits to the privy.
-No longer was human excrement deposited discreetly in dry ground; the new flush toilets discharged streams of polluted water that often flowed through the streets.
-Town elders coped with the unhappy turn of events by building expensive networks of sewers, when variably routed waste to the most convenient body of water nearby.
-Dead fish and malodorous sludge fouled favorite beaches as sewage rode back toward land on the waves.
-Unwilling to return to the days of chamber pots and privies, people were soon forced to clean up their waste somewhat before discharging it.
-the various methods failed to extract the elements nitrogen and phosphorus, nutrients
indispensable to human life and abundant in human waste.
-Plants that live underwater often respond to these nutrients
just as beets and roses do: they grow faster.
-Aquatic plants are different from the trees and shrubs familiar to landlubbers most are microscopic single celled organisms called phytoplankton that drift suspended in the currents.
-The difference underwater results from the precarious balance between oxygen supply and demand in aquatic ecosystems.
-Terrestrial ecologists do not usually worry about oxygen because the air is full of it each cubic meter contains some 207 grams.
-The atmosphere is constantly in motion, replenishing oxygen wherever it is used.
-Although fish and a number of other aquatic animals have adapted to live under these conditions, a small decrease in the oxygen content of their surroundings can often be deadly to them.
-They receive ample sunlight to carry out photosynthesis during the day and have access to plenty of oxygen to support their metabolism at night.
-The more abundant the bloom, the heavier the fallout to the lower depths.
-When organic material is abundant in a lake and where surface and bottom waters seldom mix.
-the seas are vast and restless—the waste discharged from land seemed just a drop in a giant, sloshing bucket.
-Most at risk are sheltered regions that do not experience winds or tides strong enough to keep the sea thoroughly mixed the whole year around.
-Coastal areas are especially vulnerable to oxygen depletion because freshwater draining into the ocean from rivers and streams often laden with nutrients tends to float on top of denser saltwater.
-Some energetic mixing ensues, the lighter, oxygen rich veneer will remain isolated from the sender water below.
-The surface water rich in nutrients and bathed in sunlight, teem with phytoplankton and other forms of floating plant life.
-Below the surface entire bays can suffocate.
-Bays and estuaries provide some of the richest fishing grounds, yet oxygen depletion kills fish, and nutrients ma cause certain toxic varieties of phytinlankton to bloom contaminating the shellfish that feed on them.
-Fertilization of coastal waters also changes life underwater in more subtle ways.
-Pollution increases the supply of nitrogen but not the amount of silicon, these important organisms may be crowded out by other species of phytoplankton that are less useful to feeding fish and shellfish.
-Thick layers of phytoplankton may shade out the sea grasses and seaweeds that typically grow in coastal waters and shelter vulnerable creatures such as crabs and young fish.
-All this protein contains abundant nitrogen, which just increase the burden on the environment when it is metabolized and finally excreted.
-The count of livestock animals that also consume and excrete large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus has grown by 18% during the past 20 years.
-Rain washes these nutrients off the land and into rivers and streams, which then carry them to lakes and oceans.
-Farmers have also been raising increasing quantities of legumes (soybeans) which live in partnership with microorganisms that convert nitrogen to nutritive forms.
-The dead zone that forms in the Gulf of Mexico every summer probably results from excess fertilizer washed from farms and carried down the Mississippi.
-Research early on showed that phosphoruc rather than nitrogen induces aquatic plants to bloom in most freshwater environments.
-Phosphorus is chemically sticky and binds easily to other substances.
-Phosphorus can be easily removed from sewage by taking advantage of the same stickiness: during treatment, chemicals are added that bind up the element and then settle out along with other sludge.
-Largely because of improved phosphorus removal from sewage and a wide spread ban on the use of phosphate in products such as laundry detergent, the eutrophication of many lakes and rivers has been stopped or greatly reduced.
-Marine scientists still do not fully understand the reasons for this difference, but the implications are quite profound.
-Lightning has always converted a tiny amount of inert nitrogen gas, which makes up 78% of air, into soluble compounds that plants can take up in their roots and metabolize.
-Rain and wind carry these soluble compounds to the earth, further enriching coastal waters already replete with sewage and agricultural runoff.
-the occupancy of the planet set to reach more than nine billion by 2050, there will be that many more mouths to feed, more fields to fertilize, more livestock to raise and more tons of waste to dispose of.
-With large stretches of coastline exposed to unprecedented levels of nitrogen, it seems inevitable that ocean waters around the world will become greener, browner and redder and that there will be more frequent periods when the bottom of the sea in vulnerable locations becomes lifeless.
B:
The townspeople were giving thanks for the completed construction of their first public water supply.Soon afterward clean water flowed through taps and flush toilets, liberating residents forever from back breaking trips to the well and freezing visits to the privy.No longer was human excrement deposited discreetly in dry ground; the new flush toilets discharged streams of polluted water that often flowed through the streets.Town elders coped with the unhappy turn of events by building expensive networks of sewers, whin variably rounted waste to the most convenient body of water nearby.Dead fish and malodorous sludge fouled favorite beaches as sewage rode back toward land on the waves.Unwilling to return to the days of chamber pots and privies, people were soon forced to clean up their waste somewhat before discharging it.the various methods failed to extract the elements nitrogen and phosphorus, nutrients indispensable to human life and abundant in human waste.The more abundant the bloom, the heavier the fallout to the lower depths.When organic material is abundant in a lake and where surface and bottom waters seldom mix.The seas are vast and restless—the waste discharged from land seemed just a drop in a giant, sloshing bucket.Most at risk are sheltered regions that do not experience winds or tides strong enough to keep the sea thoroughly mixed the whole year around.The count of livestock animals that also consume and excrete large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus has grown by 18% during the past 20 years.Rain washes these nutrients off the land and into rivers and streams, which then carry them to lakes and oceans.Phosphorus is chemically sticky and binds easily to other substances.Phosphorus can be easily removed from sewage by taking advantage of the same stickiness: during treatment, chemicals are added that bind up the element and then settle out along with other sludge.With large stretches of coastline exposed to unprecedented levels of nitrogen, it seems inevitable that ocean waters around the world will become greener, browner and redder and that there will be more frequent periods when the bottom of the sea in vulnerable locations becomes lifeless.
C:
Largely because of improved phosphorus removal from sewage and a wide spread ban on the use of phosphate in products such as laundry detergent, the eutrophication of many lakes and rivers has been stopped or greatly reduced.Marine scientists still do not fully understand the reasons for this difference, but the implications are quite profound.Lightning has always converted a tiny amount of inert nitrogen gas, which makes up 78% of air, into soluble compounds that plants can take up in their roots and metabolize.Rain and wind carry these soluble compounds to the earth, further enriching coastal waters already replete with sewage and agricultural runoff. The occupancy of the planet set to reach more than nine billion by 2050, there will be many more mouths to feed, more fields to fertilize, more livestock to raise and more tons of waste to dispose of.
So What?
Plants that live underwater often respond to these nutrients just as beets and roses do: they grow faster. Aquatic plants are different from the trees and shrubs familiar to landlubbers most are microscopic single celled organisms called phytoplankton that drift suspended in the currents.The difference underwater results from the precarious balance between oxygen supply and demand in aquatic ecosystems.Terrestrial ecologists do not usually worry about oxygen because the air is full of it each cubic meter contains some 207 grams.The atmosphere is constantly in motion, replenishing oxygen wherever it is used.Although fish and a number of other aquatic animals have adapted to live under these conditions, a small decrease in the oxygen content of their surroundings can often be deadly to them.
Says Who?
Scientists are still far from understanding all the ways the oceans will pay for keeping human life so wide-spread and abundant. But as far as the residents of the ocean are concerned, there seems little cause for celebration.They receive ample sunlight to carry out photosynthesis during the day and have access to plenty of oxygen to support their metabolism at night.Farmers have also been raising increasing quantities of legumes (soybeans) which live in partnership with microorganisms that convert nitrogen to nutritive forms.The dead zone that forms in the Gulf of Mexico every summer probably results from excess fertilizer washed from farms and carried down the Mississippi. Research early on showed that phosphoruc rather than nitrogen induces aquatic plants to bloom in most freshwater environments.
What If...?
What if the surface water rich in nutrients will the poluution increases fertilization of coastal? The surface water rich in nutrients and bathed in sunlight, teem with phytoplankton and other forms of floating plant life.Below the surface entire bays can suffocate.Bays and estuaries provide some of the richest fishing grounds, yet oxygen depletion kills fish, and nutrients ma cause certain toxic varieties of phytinlankton to bloom contaminating the shellfish that feed on them.Fertilization of coastal waters also changes life underwater in more subtle ways.Pollution increases the supply of nitrogen but not the amount of silicon, these important organisms may be crowded out by other species of phytoplankton that are less useful to feeding fish and shellfish.
This remind me of?
This remind me of a time last year I go back to VN, me and my friends talking about USA and they ask me about ocean in USA? What is the different? What is Coastal area? That time, I don't really know how to answer their question. Coastal areas are especially vulnerable to oxygen depletion because freshwater draining into the ocean from rivers and streams often laden with nutrients tends to float on top of denser saltwater.Some energetic mixing ensues, the lighter, oxygen rich veneer will remain isolated from the sender water below.Thick layers of phytoplankton may shade out the sea grasses and seaweeds that typically grow in coastal waters and shelter vulnerable creatures such as crabs and young fish.All this protein contains abundant nitrogen, which just increase the burden on the environment when it is metabolized and finally excreted.